• The P2P Foundation offers an extensive article on the definition, meaning and etymology of the term “commons”.
• Wikipedia on commons has a more restricted view.
• Commoners Co-op offers a short helpful view: A Definition of the Commons

My own synthesis, mostly in line with what has been published by David Bollier and Silke Helfrich is that a commons implies

• a shared, valued or valuable resource (of any kind, material or immaterial)
• a community of people (commoners) who collectively own, use, govern or steward that resource
• structures, conventions, rules etc. agreed within the community by which the members of the community govern or steward the resource

Elinor Ostrom set out the principles that appear to be key to effective material commons.

• here they are set out concisely on the “Patterns of Commoning” site.

• narrower→ a knowledge commons is a particular variety of commons with particular characteristics that distinguish it from a physical commons.